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The most comprehensive analysis of Indigenous Australians’ genomes collected to date has revealed an “abundance” of DNA variations – some of which have never been reported anywhere else in the world – paving the way for new, tailored treatments that address health inequities for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

A team of Australian researchers, involving scientists from The Australian National University (ANU), The University of Melbourne and the Garvan Institute of Medical Research, found DNA differences between Indigenous Australians in the Tiwi Islands and those in the Central Desert are greater than anywhere else in the world outside of Africa.

The researchers detected millions of small genetic differences and hundreds of thousands of much larger ‘structural variants’ that affect segments of DNA. These variants occur naturally in different individuals of a population and make up most of the genetic differences between individuals. They may also be linked to diseases in some families.

“These DNA sequences show a level of genetic variation not observed anywhere else in the world outside of Africa, reflecting Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ deep cultural and linguistic diversity and long-standing connection to the Australian continent,” Dr Hardip Patel, from ANU, said.

“Some of the DNA variations we discovered appear to be exclusively found in Indigenous Australians, while others appear to be found only in one out of the four Indigenous communities that we consulted and worked with.

“Previously we’ve had to try to utilise the DNA of non-Indigenous populations to help diagnose and treat disease among Indigenous Australians, which has proven difficult and is often less reliable. But now we have a new, more representative genomic dataset to build off.”

Under the leadership of the National Centre for Indigenous Genomics (NCIG) at ANU, research teams examined the DNA of up to 159 Indigenous Australians from four Aboriginal communities in the Central Desert, Far North Queensland and three islands off the coast of the Northern Territory – the Tiwi Islands and Elcho Island.

It’s hoped the research will improve health outcomes for Indigenous Australians by enabling tailored treatments for a range of conditions including diabetes, coronary disease and cancer – all of which disproportionately impact Indigenous peoples compared to the rest of the Australian population.

“Aboriginal people have long said you can’t treat us the same because we are so different. Having scientific proof to show this is true is remarkable,” ANU Associate Professor Azure Hermes, a proud Gimuy Walubara Yidinji woman and deputy director of NCIG, said.

“Clinicians must realise treatment options for Indigenous Australians can’t be viewed through a one-model-fits-all lens. We are not a single genetic group and can’t be lumped into one category.”

Professor Stephen Leslie, from The University of Melbourne, said: “Genomics enables us to look back through time at aspects of human history. This history has a direct bearing on the genetic variation we see today.”

“As scientists we were keen to ensure that Indigenous Australians took the lead on shaping how these questions were approached and how their data was used. Working with NCIG provided the framework to enable this, for which we are very grateful.”

Dr Ashley Farlow, also from The University of Melbourne, said: “These genomic patterns allowed us to make predictions about the most effective ways to build genomic resources for Australian Indigenous populations in the future.”

“We identified more than 160,000 structural gene variants, which is more than any previous population-level, long-read study to date,” Dr Ira Deveson, from the Garvan Institute of Medical Research, said.

“The research team discovered at least 300 structural variants in each individual that appear to be unique to Indigenous Australians.”

A genome is equivalent to an instruction manual for the body. It is a blueprint that contains all the genetic information we need to grow, develop, function and respond to the environments in which we live.

Genomics medicine harnesses a population’s genetic information to help individuals and communities prevent, diagnose and treat a range of complex conditions, as well as rare genetic disease.

“The code embedded in our genome is unique to each individual – it’s what makes us different to other human beings. Variations within our genetic code can not only contribute to the way we look but can sometimes impact our risk of developing certain diseases,” Dr Patel said.

“We still don’t understand why Aboriginal people are more prone to certain health conditions such as kidney disease, diabetes, coronary disease, cancer and other conditions. But genomics might be an important piece of the puzzle that helps unlock some of these answers.”

Associate Professor Hermes said the project is also about giving Indigenous communities oversight of how their genetic information is used by science.

“Our goal is to work with and empower Indigenous Australians to take ownership of their genetic information and show them the power of genomics and the health benefits it can deliver,” Associate Professor Hermes said.

“It’s taken us almost eight years to get to this point and has only been made possible because of guidance by Indigenous communities, careful consultation, building relationships with communities and understanding their priorities and protocols.”

NCIG houses a biobank of 7,000 blood samples from 35 Aboriginal communities across Australia. The centre is working in collaboration with Indigenous communities to figure out the best ways to care for and return these samples.

“At ANU we have established a plan for communities to decide the future use and management of these important blood samples and the data that can be generated from them,” Associate Professor Hermes said.

“This is an important step toward long-lasting reconciliation with Indigenous Australians.”

The research is published in two separate papers in Nature. This work was a collaboration between ANU and a number of institutions from across the country.

This article first appeared at ANU Reporter.