Genotyping is a molecular technique used to identify genetic variations among individuals by examining specific DNA sequences or markers, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or short tandem repeats (STRs). This process helps researchers determine differences in genetic makeup, which can be linked to traits, diseases, or responses to environmental factors. Genotyping is widely applied in fields like genetics, medicine, and agriculture, where it aids in studying population genetics, identifying disease risk factors, and improving crop breeding programs. It is also used in personalized medicine to tailor treatments based on a person’s unique genetic profile.